Grammar 翻译:语法
简单句(Simple Sentences) 翻译:
简单句是只包含一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子。简单句分为五种基本句型。 翻译:
1.主语+谓语 They laughed. The students are singing. 翻译:
2.主语+谓语+宾语 I like English. Jenny is reading a book. 翻译:
3.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 Lily gave Davy a yo-yo ball. = Lily gave a yo-yo ball to Davy. My mother bought me a pair of jeans. = My mother bought a pair of jeans for me. 翻译:
注意: 双宾语一个指人(即间接宾语),另一个指物(即直接宾语)。一般间接宾语位于直接宾语的前面,有时它们也可交换位置,这时需要在间接宾语的前面加上介词to或for。常见的跟双宾语结构的动词有: give,show,bring,pass,lend,send,make,buy,get,sing等。 翻译:
4.主语+系动词+表语 Ms. Liu is kind and patient. Jenny looks very happy. The days get longer in spring. 翻译:
注意: 系动词(也称连系动词)本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,后边必须跟表语,构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等。be(am,is,are,was,were)是最常用的系动词。有些动词也可作为系动词。如: get,become,turn, grow,look,feel,smell,taste,sound等。 翻译:
5.主语+谓语+宾语+补语 英语中的宾语补足语通常紧跟宾语之后,对宾语进行补充说明。充当宾语补足语的可以是名词、形容词、副词、分词、不定式和介词短语等。例如: We call her Beibei. I found the boy very clever. I will not let you in. He saw a little girl dancing under a tree. We saw the road covered with snow. Jenny saw Danny buy many donuts. She wanted me to give her some money. The girl always keeps everything in good order. 翻译:
现在完成时态(Present Perfect Tense) 翻译:
1.现在完成时的意义和用法 翻译:
1)表示过去发生或已完成的某个动作对现在产生的影响或结果,常与 already,just,yet等状语连用。例如: 翻译:
I have already read the book. 翻译:
2)表示开始于过去,持续到现在的动作或状态,常与表示包括现在在内的时间状语连用,如: today,now,this week,this morning,these days,this afternoon,recently,so far等;也与“for+时间段”或“ since+时间点”的状语连用。例如: I have painted six new pictures this week. Li Ming has written three e-mails today. She has helped me a lot since last year. She has taught in the school for ten years. 翻译:
2)表示开始于过去,持续到现在的动作或状态,常与表示包括现在在内的时间状语连用,如: today,now,this week,this morning,these days,this afternoon,recently,so far等;也与“for+时间段”或“ since+时间点”的状语连用。例如: I have painted six new pictures this week. Li Ming has written three e-mails today. She has helped me a lot since last year. She has taught in the school for ten years. 翻译:
2. 现在完成时的结构 have/has(助动词)+done(动词的过去分词).例如: I have just turned off the light. 翻译:
3.现在完成时的句型变化 肯定句:I have already read the book. 否定句:I haven't read the book yet. 一般疑问句及其回答: Have you read the book? Yes, I have. (或者Yes, already. ) No, I haven't. (或者No, I have not./No, not yet. ) Has Tom read the book? Yes, he has./No, he hasn't. (或者No, he has not. ) 特殊疑问句: What have you done this week? What has tom done this week? 翻译:
注意: “have(has) been to”与“have(has) gone to”的区别:have(has) been to的意思是“曾到过某地,现在不在那儿”;have(has) gone to的意思是“去某处了, 现在不在这儿”。例如: They have been to Lanzhou. 他们到过兰州。(现在已不在兰州) They have gone to Lanzhou. 他们到兰州去了。(现在不在这里) 翻译:
名词所有格(Possessive Case) 翻译:
在英语中,有些名词在词尾加-'s表示所有关系,这种形式称为该名词的所有格。例如: my father's car,today's newspaper。 翻译:
名词所有格的构成: 单数名词在词尾加-'s。例如:Danny's turn,the daughter's shirt,my aunt's house 复数名词词尾是-s或-es,只加-'。例如:the students' books,the boxes’tops 复数名词词尾不是-s或es,仍要加-'s。例如:men's clothes,children's toys 名词词组的所有格,在最后一个词的词尾加-'s。例如:an hour and a half's walk,Jenny and Mary's bedroom 's在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音和元音后读/z/。在/t/后读/ts/,在/d/后读/dz/. 翻译:
名词所有格的另一种形式是在介词of后加名词,这种形式多用于表示没有生命的东西的名词。例如:the name of the book,the root of the tree,the legs of the desk 翻译:
when或 because引导的状语从句 (Adverbial Clause with“when”or“because”) 翻译:
用来修饰主句或主句中的动词、副词、形容词的从句叫状语从句。状语从句可分为时间状语从句、原因状语从句、地点状语从句等。学习状语从句时要注意连词的正确使用,主句与从句的时态呼应等。本册书仅学习when引导的时间状语从句和because引导的原因状语从句。 翻译:
1. when引导的时间状语从句 翻译:
1)表示“当……的时候”= at the time that…。此时, when从句用来说明主句动词动作发生的背景。例如: I couldn't help laughing when I saw it. When I was a little boy, my grandma told me the story of Chang'e. 翻译:
1)表示“当……的时候”= at the time that…。此时, when从句用来说明主句动词动作发生的背景。例如: I couldn't help laughing when I saw it. When I was a little boy, my grandma told me the story of Chang'e. 翻译:
2)表示“无论什么时候……”,与 whenever的意思差不多,但语气较轻。例如: Remember me when you wear the cap. 注意: 在when引导的时间状语从句中, 常使用一般现在时态表示将来。例如: I will think of you when I wear it. I'll go on with the work when I come back tomorrow. Please tell him about it when you see him back. 翻译:
2. because引导的原因状语从句 翻译:
because引导的原因状语从句一般置于主句之后,表示直接的原因,语气最强。例如: I feel comfortable here because it is safe. He was fixing a pair of pants for an old lady because they were too long. I like winter because I like to ski and skate. 翻译:
注意: 1) because习惯上不与so连用。在汉语中我们习惯说“因为……所以……”, 但在英语中却不能将so与 because连用。例如: 因为下雨, 所以我们待在家里. 正:Because it was raining, we stayed at home. It was raining, so we stayed at home. 误: Because it was raining, so we stayed at home. 2)because从句与because of短语的转换 because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of短语转换。例如: He can't come because he is ill. /He can't come because of his illness. 翻译:
情态动词(Modal Verbs) 翻译:
情态动词表示说话人的观点和态度,如需要、猜测、意愿或怀疑等。常见的情态动词有:can,could,may,might,must,need,shall,should,will,would等。 翻译:
情态动词的语法特征: 1.有实意,但在句中不能单独充当谓语。 2.后跟动词原形。表示否定时,在其后面加not;表示疑问时,将它提到句首。 3.无人称和数的变化。 翻译:
may 和 might 翻译:
may(might)主要表示说话人许可、请求对方许可,或表示可能性。否定式为may/might not。might是may的过去式,主要有下列用法: 翻译:
1.表示语气更加委婉、客气。例如: Might I have your e-mail address? He said he might come back in two weeks. 翻译:
2.表示一种更加微弱的可能性,或比较没有把握的推测。例如: He might be at home. (可能性较小)试比较:He may be at home. (可能性较大) You might be a doctor when you are older. (表示一种比较没有把握的推测) 翻译:
will 和 would 翻译:
1.will和would用于第二人称疑问句,表示请求和建议,would比will委婉、客气。 固定句型: Will/ Would you please…? 请你……好吗? Would you please pass this book to the student in the last row? Certainly./Sure/All right. I'm sorry. I can't./No, I won't. 翻译:
1.will和would用于第二人称疑问句,表示请求和建议,would比will委婉、客气。 固定句型: Will/ Would you please…? 请你……好吗? Would you please pass this book to the student in the last row? Certainly. /Sure/All right. I'm sorry. I can't./No, I won't. 翻译:
2/will和would可表示愿望、决心或意愿,用于所有人称的陈述句。 翻译:
1)表愿望 I will do anything for you. That would be a cool job because I would help people move all around the world. 翻译:
2)表决心 I will never tell you the secret. 翻译:
3)表意愿 They would not let him in. I would build the best airplanes someday. I would like to be a teacher. 翻译:
形容词的比较级和最高级(Comparative and Superlative Adjectives) 翻译:
英语中的形容词有原级、比较级和最高级三种形式。表示“比……更……一些”的概念时, 用比较级;表示“最…”的概念时,用最高级。例如: Danny is much taller this year. I want to grow the best crops. 翻译:
形容词比较级和最高级的构成: 翻译:
构成方法 翻译:
原级 翻译:
比较级 翻译:
最高级 翻译:
单音节词一般在词尾加-er,-est 翻译:
fast 翻译:
faster 翻译:
fastest 翻译:
以-e结尾的单音节词,以-ble和ple结尾的双音节词,只加-r,-st 翻译:
large able simple 翻译:
largel abler simpler 翻译:
largest ablest simplest 翻译:
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词,双写该字母后加-er,-est 翻译:
big wet 翻译:
bigger wetter 翻译:
biggest wettest 翻译:
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